1 00:00:35,100 --> 00:00:32,270 [Music] 2 00:00:38,610 --> 00:00:35,110 greetings friends and fellow earthlings 3 00:00:40,770 --> 00:00:38,620 and welcome to ask an astrobiologist the 4 00:00:43,680 --> 00:00:40,780 show that celebrates the science and 5 00:00:46,710 --> 00:00:43,690 celebrates the scientists in the realm 6 00:00:48,840 --> 00:00:46,720 of astrobiology I'm your host dr. Graham 7 00:00:50,520 --> 00:00:48,850 Lau and some of you may notice that my 8 00:00:52,049 --> 00:00:50,530 voice is a little bit more hoarse for 9 00:00:53,520 --> 00:00:52,059 this episode than it was last time 10 00:00:55,950 --> 00:00:53,530 that's because I've been sick recently 11 00:00:57,810 --> 00:00:55,960 so a big shout out to all of you on 12 00:00:59,400 --> 00:00:57,820 Twitter who gave me some helpful advice 13 00:01:00,600 --> 00:00:59,410 on how to fix a sore throat I really 14 00:01:02,450 --> 00:01:00,610 appreciate it 15 00:01:05,370 --> 00:01:02,460 tea with honey has been super helpful 16 00:01:07,680 --> 00:01:05,380 I'm super excited for today's episode we 17 00:01:09,780 --> 00:01:07,690 have another episode chatting with a 18 00:01:11,670 --> 00:01:09,790 researcher from LC the earth Life 19 00:01:14,400 --> 00:01:11,680 Science Institute so that's gonna be 20 00:01:16,080 --> 00:01:14,410 pretty awesome but first as you know we 21 00:01:19,320 --> 00:01:16,090 have some of our background things to 22 00:01:21,359 --> 00:01:19,330 get through like our background quiz now 23 00:01:23,999 --> 00:01:21,369 you might notice that there's not a 24 00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:24,009 background behind me for this episode I 25 00:01:28,320 --> 00:01:26,890 know we got you there right we're gonna 26 00:01:30,150 --> 00:01:28,330 change things up a little bit moving 27 00:01:32,910 --> 00:01:30,160 forward but we're still gonna keep doing 28 00:01:33,990 --> 00:01:32,920 an image for our background quiz so 29 00:01:36,660 --> 00:01:34,000 right now Mike's gonna bring up the 30 00:01:38,850 --> 00:01:36,670 image from last month's episode showing 31 00:01:41,730 --> 00:01:38,860 a location somewhere in the rip world 32 00:01:45,780 --> 00:01:41,740 relevant to astrobiology in this case 33 00:01:47,370 --> 00:01:45,790 it's Janata Hot Springs in Japan not 34 00:01:50,219 --> 00:01:47,380 only our hot springs really important 35 00:01:51,960 --> 00:01:50,229 for our understanding of the evolution 36 00:01:54,390 --> 00:01:51,970 of life and possibly the origins of life 37 00:01:57,480 --> 00:01:54,400 but also it's a really cool place I've 38 00:02:00,300 --> 00:01:57,490 heard to go take a dip so our winner for 39 00:02:03,090 --> 00:02:00,310 this month is Satoshi Kawa Ichi who won 40 00:02:04,590 --> 00:02:03,100 the contest so thank you to Satoshi as 41 00:02:07,800 --> 00:02:04,600 well as all of you who submitted right 42 00:02:09,449 --> 00:02:07,810 answers for our background quiz we'll 43 00:02:11,670 --> 00:02:09,459 probably change the name a little bit 44 00:02:13,890 --> 00:02:11,680 since it's not a background anymore now 45 00:02:17,340 --> 00:02:13,900 you can see some of my books behind me 46 00:02:20,580 --> 00:02:17,350 we'll have a cool astrobiology relevant 47 00:02:22,560 --> 00:02:20,590 field site quiz in future episodes so 48 00:02:25,410 --> 00:02:22,570 keep an eye out for that the day before 49 00:02:27,660 --> 00:02:25,420 the next episode here in March also as 50 00:02:30,090 --> 00:02:27,670 you know we have our ambassador of the 51 00:02:32,039 --> 00:02:30,100 month every month giving a huge shout 52 00:02:34,319 --> 00:02:32,049 out to someone who in the realm of 53 00:02:35,970 --> 00:02:34,329 Twitter or anywhere in social media has 54 00:02:38,640 --> 00:02:35,980 been a huge fan and friend of the show 55 00:02:40,350 --> 00:02:38,650 and shared about our upcoming episode 56 00:02:42,030 --> 00:02:40,360 and so this month we want to give a 57 00:02:44,640 --> 00:02:42,040 special thanks to my friend Tony 58 00:02:46,920 --> 00:02:44,650 gyah a fellow researcher for blue marble 59 00:02:49,289 --> 00:02:46,930 space institute of science as well as a 60 00:02:52,050 --> 00:02:49,299 research scientist at the earth life 61 00:02:53,729 --> 00:02:52,060 science institute tony shared about this 62 00:02:55,559 --> 00:02:53,739 coming episode it got a bunch of likes 63 00:02:57,089 --> 00:02:55,569 and retweets and we really appreciate 64 00:03:01,410 --> 00:02:57,099 all the support out there in social 65 00:03:03,059 --> 00:03:01,420 media lab for our show so again a big 66 00:03:05,160 --> 00:03:03,069 thanks for tuning in I'm super excited 67 00:03:07,470 --> 00:03:05,170 for this episode it's always cool that 68 00:03:09,149 --> 00:03:07,480 we can just talk across the globe about 69 00:03:11,069 --> 00:03:09,159 astrobiology and all the cool things 70 00:03:11,759 --> 00:03:11,079 going on in understanding our place in 71 00:03:15,240 --> 00:03:11,769 the universe 72 00:03:18,479 --> 00:03:15,250 now this month's guest is dr. Hiroyuki 73 00:03:21,949 --> 00:03:18,489 Kurokawa from Elsi and so I want to say 74 00:03:24,479 --> 00:03:21,959 a big hi to Hiro right now hello Hiro 75 00:03:27,449 --> 00:03:24,489 hello good evening 76 00:03:29,429 --> 00:03:27,459 Tokyo yeah that's right yeah so says 77 00:03:31,890 --> 00:03:29,439 it's a much different time here than is 78 00:03:33,360 --> 00:03:31,900 there across the world so thank you for 79 00:03:35,670 --> 00:03:33,370 joining us here for the show 80 00:03:38,699 --> 00:03:35,680 I know that our guests at home watching 81 00:03:41,009 --> 00:03:38,709 right now on second net org in the NASA 82 00:03:42,420 --> 00:03:41,019 Astrobiology Facebook page are gonna 83 00:03:44,399 --> 00:03:42,430 have a lot of questions about your 84 00:03:47,099 --> 00:03:44,409 career and about your research interests 85 00:03:49,110 --> 00:03:47,109 but I get to speak to you first for a 86 00:03:52,289 --> 00:03:49,120 little bit and ask you some questions 87 00:03:55,770 --> 00:03:52,299 about your life as a scientist and one 88 00:03:58,020 --> 00:03:55,780 thing I like to always do is ask what 89 00:03:59,550 --> 00:03:58,030 got you into the sciences in the first 90 00:04:03,680 --> 00:03:59,560 place what was the very first thing that 91 00:04:07,199 --> 00:04:03,690 motivated you to become a scientist okay 92 00:04:11,069 --> 00:04:07,209 when I was a child I really like to know 93 00:04:15,119 --> 00:04:11,079 about universe from us such as books or 94 00:04:19,589 --> 00:04:15,129 TV shows but actually when I grow up too 95 00:04:21,629 --> 00:04:19,599 high school age my dream was not to 96 00:04:26,029 --> 00:04:21,639 become a scientist my dream was to 97 00:04:30,570 --> 00:04:26,039 become a medical doctor but one day I 98 00:04:33,839 --> 00:04:30,580 read a book about X planets written by a 99 00:04:36,450 --> 00:04:33,849 Japanese professor and I remembered my 100 00:04:38,879 --> 00:04:36,460 passion about universe and I decided to 101 00:04:41,249 --> 00:04:38,889 become a scientist actually that 102 00:04:44,460 --> 00:04:41,259 Professor is now Mike curry after this 103 00:04:46,550 --> 00:04:44,470 ancient sub-indices that's really 104 00:04:48,839 --> 00:04:46,560 incredible to have someone inspire you 105 00:04:49,920 --> 00:04:48,849 start your beard towards science and now 106 00:04:53,580 --> 00:04:49,930 to be a colleague that's it that's 107 00:04:55,270 --> 00:04:53,590 awesome and so I've actually 108 00:04:56,740 --> 00:04:55,280 unfortunately never been to L 109 00:05:00,070 --> 00:04:56,750 see I haven't had a chance to visit yet 110 00:05:01,510 --> 00:05:00,080 I really like to what is it like at LC 111 00:05:06,730 --> 00:05:01,520 in Japan working at this really awesome 112 00:05:09,580 --> 00:05:06,740 research institution yes is in Tokyo and 113 00:05:12,159 --> 00:05:09,590 there are lots of scientists from 114 00:05:17,129 --> 00:05:12,169 different here including the planetary 115 00:05:22,480 --> 00:05:17,139 science like me and also chemists bio 116 00:05:27,460 --> 00:05:22,490 chemist etc and we were interested in 117 00:05:30,490 --> 00:05:27,470 how the earth formed and how life 118 00:05:34,690 --> 00:05:30,500 emerged on us and also we are interested 119 00:05:36,460 --> 00:05:34,700 in are there any life in universe it's a 120 00:05:39,670 --> 00:05:36,470 you know the biggest question in the 121 00:05:41,409 --> 00:05:39,680 astrobiology that's why that's awesome 122 00:05:43,510 --> 00:05:41,419 yeah I do want to give a shout out real 123 00:05:46,360 --> 00:05:43,520 quick to the astrobiology Australasia 124 00:05:49,240 --> 00:05:46,370 meeting happening in Tokyo at LC later 125 00:05:52,150 --> 00:05:49,250 this year as well as LC is supporting AB 126 00:05:53,350 --> 00:05:52,160 Brad comm 2020 this year so graduate 127 00:05:55,690 --> 00:05:53,360 students and postdocs keep an eye out 128 00:05:57,070 --> 00:05:55,700 for that you can apply now submit your 129 00:06:00,880 --> 00:05:57,080 abstracts and have a chance to go visit 130 00:06:02,590 --> 00:06:00,890 LLC in Tokyo so let's get talking about 131 00:06:04,930 --> 00:06:02,600 your research a little bit I understand 132 00:06:07,210 --> 00:06:04,940 so your primary research is mostly using 133 00:06:08,590 --> 00:06:07,220 modeling to understand the vocation and 134 00:06:15,159 --> 00:06:08,600 evolution of planets can you talk a bit 135 00:06:19,180 --> 00:06:15,169 about what you do yeah I'm studying run 136 00:06:21,850 --> 00:06:19,190 it formed and change its environment 137 00:06:26,860 --> 00:06:21,860 through time by using the modeling 138 00:06:31,360 --> 00:06:26,870 computer the simulations my research 139 00:06:35,909 --> 00:06:31,370 target's include extrasolar planet as 140 00:06:41,710 --> 00:06:35,919 well as solar system planets many as 141 00:06:48,360 --> 00:06:41,720 Venus Mars and also I study asteroids in 142 00:06:51,370 --> 00:06:48,370 our solar system but know that I also 143 00:06:54,190 --> 00:06:51,380 working with some space exploration 144 00:06:57,010 --> 00:06:54,200 missions yeah I understand that you've 145 00:06:58,719 --> 00:06:57,020 been involved with Hayabusa - yeah which 146 00:07:00,820 --> 00:06:58,729 some of our art get our audience might 147 00:07:03,040 --> 00:07:00,830 know has gone to the asteroid where you 148 00:07:05,560 --> 00:07:03,050 go and is returning a sample to earth 149 00:07:08,710 --> 00:07:05,570 for us to study what is your involvement 150 00:07:13,990 --> 00:07:08,720 with Hayabusa - bin yeah 151 00:07:17,680 --> 00:07:14,000 I have been working on the remote 152 00:07:20,200 --> 00:07:17,690 sensing data obtained from high observe 153 00:07:25,660 --> 00:07:20,210 two spacecraft which is a data about 154 00:07:28,840 --> 00:07:25,670 asteroids named enugu and i arised data 155 00:07:32,860 --> 00:07:28,850 to actually this select the good press 156 00:07:37,450 --> 00:07:32,870 to get the sample from the surface of 157 00:07:40,150 --> 00:07:37,460 asteroids legal and so far the high 158 00:07:43,840 --> 00:07:40,160 obstructive successfully correct its 159 00:07:47,950 --> 00:07:43,850 sampler and now on the way to already 160 00:07:50,260 --> 00:07:47,960 done to to us it's really cool I'm 161 00:07:52,210 --> 00:07:50,270 excited for it to come back it's really 162 00:07:54,910 --> 00:07:52,220 cool you know with ryugu and with been 163 00:07:57,910 --> 00:07:54,920 new we see that asteroids aren't nice 164 00:08:00,100 --> 00:07:57,920 soft flat objects they had lots of 165 00:08:01,840 --> 00:08:00,110 structure to them how did you help to 166 00:08:07,270 --> 00:08:01,850 choose the right area to take take a 167 00:08:10,800 --> 00:08:07,280 sample for Hayabusa 2 yeah because the 168 00:08:13,810 --> 00:08:10,810 main interests of Hayabusa 2 is to find 169 00:08:20,040 --> 00:08:13,820 the evidence of alberta and also the 170 00:08:31,780 --> 00:08:28,240 to us i chose a good place to find a 171 00:08:34,630 --> 00:08:31,790 better amount of water early date in the 172 00:08:35,909 --> 00:08:34,640 mineral as well as apple annex grow 173 00:08:38,560 --> 00:08:35,919 media aspect or our dinner 174 00:08:41,350 --> 00:08:38,570 that's very cool but we really excited 175 00:08:42,610 --> 00:08:41,360 that sample back then I understand 176 00:08:45,700 --> 00:08:42,620 you're also involved with the upcoming 177 00:08:49,600 --> 00:08:45,710 MMX mission yeah speak about what the 178 00:08:54,100 --> 00:08:49,610 plan is for that mission yeah the MMX 179 00:09:01,780 --> 00:08:54,110 mission is masha sample return mission 180 00:09:07,180 --> 00:09:01,790 and that will be launched in 2024 and we 181 00:09:13,960 --> 00:09:07,190 send a spacecraft to much a moon Phobos 182 00:09:17,140 --> 00:09:13,970 and get some sample this is a mission to 183 00:09:19,420 --> 00:09:17,150 understand the origin of the two Russian 184 00:09:20,010 --> 00:09:19,430 moons Phobos and Deimos because though 185 00:09:22,940 --> 00:09:20,020 two 186 00:09:28,290 --> 00:09:22,950 are so mysterious compared to the moon 187 00:09:32,670 --> 00:09:28,300 orbiting our us to Raja Muda so smooth 188 00:09:36,540 --> 00:09:32,680 and looks like so crusty after all so we 189 00:09:40,680 --> 00:09:36,550 directly know it's reading and that will 190 00:09:44,970 --> 00:09:40,690 be a little too hard planets from and 191 00:09:49,530 --> 00:09:44,980 how planets get some important component 192 00:09:52,590 --> 00:09:49,540 to develop right such as water and 193 00:09:54,780 --> 00:09:52,600 organics that's very cool I recall some 194 00:09:56,400 --> 00:09:54,790 years ago another mission was attempted 195 00:09:58,130 --> 00:09:56,410 called the fobos-grunt mission from the 196 00:10:02,250 --> 00:09:58,140 ross cosmos the russian space agency 197 00:10:04,079 --> 00:10:02,260 which unfortunately failed in orbit one 198 00:10:06,570 --> 00:10:04,089 thing i love with that is we had sent 199 00:10:09,060 --> 00:10:06,580 along in that that craft the Planetary 200 00:10:11,100 --> 00:10:09,070 Society had sent along a little disc 201 00:10:13,019 --> 00:10:11,110 called the life disk that had some 202 00:10:16,290 --> 00:10:13,029 tearing organisms on it to go to Phobos 203 00:10:18,600 --> 00:10:16,300 and come back do you know if anyone has 204 00:10:21,510 --> 00:10:18,610 thought sending along any biological 205 00:10:22,949 --> 00:10:21,520 material with MMS or if there's a chance 206 00:10:25,380 --> 00:10:22,959 that when the spacecraft comes back we 207 00:10:27,210 --> 00:10:25,390 could sample any leftover residual earth 208 00:10:33,410 --> 00:10:27,220 organisms from the spacecraft or is that 209 00:10:41,069 --> 00:10:33,420 not really a concept right now to the 210 00:10:47,329 --> 00:10:41,079 BIOS castings we may succeed to sample 211 00:10:52,710 --> 00:10:47,339 some deposited life previously exist on 212 00:10:56,190 --> 00:10:52,720 Mars because the the surface of the 213 00:11:00,350 --> 00:10:56,200 maximum force would be somehow polluted 214 00:11:03,960 --> 00:11:00,360 by the the the ejecta launched from 215 00:11:08,160 --> 00:11:03,970 Martian surface due to some absolute the 216 00:11:11,610 --> 00:11:08,170 impact through the history so we 217 00:11:14,699 --> 00:11:11,620 interact in some bring back some the 218 00:11:17,280 --> 00:11:14,709 host unit life that might have any 219 00:11:18,960 --> 00:11:17,290 system or that's a really cool idea I 220 00:11:21,900 --> 00:11:18,970 really I hadn't even thought of that you 221 00:11:23,699 --> 00:11:21,910 know we talked about how our moon likely 222 00:11:25,620 --> 00:11:23,709 has some residual organisms from early 223 00:11:26,360 --> 00:11:25,630 in Earth's history that were thrown off 224 00:11:28,340 --> 00:11:26,370 of the earth and 225 00:11:29,870 --> 00:11:28,350 to our moon I guess you're right it 226 00:11:32,900 --> 00:11:29,880 makes complete sense that Phobos and 227 00:11:35,750 --> 00:11:32,910 Deimos might have some residual Martian 228 00:11:37,250 --> 00:11:35,760 organisms or at least biota that fell 229 00:11:39,590 --> 00:11:37,260 onto them from long ago had things 230 00:11:42,260 --> 00:11:39,600 crashed there that's really cool to 231 00:11:44,720 --> 00:11:42,270 think about so we have we have some time 232 00:11:46,850 --> 00:11:44,730 here for to talk a little bit I'm kind 233 00:11:49,730 --> 00:11:46,860 of curious if you saw a recent article 234 00:11:52,370 --> 00:11:49,740 that came out where a researcher in the 235 00:11:55,130 --> 00:11:52,380 UK had said that there was a certainty 236 00:11:58,010 --> 00:11:55,140 as she put it a racing certainty that 237 00:12:00,829 --> 00:11:58,020 there was life in Europa and most likely 238 00:12:02,210 --> 00:12:00,839 ancient life on Mars what do you think 239 00:12:04,760 --> 00:12:02,220 about that do you think we can say with 240 00:12:07,850 --> 00:12:04,770 such certainty that there was life in 241 00:12:10,100 --> 00:12:07,860 Europa there was life on Mars or do we 242 00:12:11,150 --> 00:12:10,110 just not know yet how do you how do you 243 00:12:16,010 --> 00:12:11,160 answer that kind of question 244 00:12:19,910 --> 00:12:16,020 oh well it's a difficult question we 245 00:12:23,920 --> 00:12:19,920 cannot say we are sure that there was a 246 00:12:31,310 --> 00:12:23,930 life oh there is a life only a rope our 247 00:12:34,940 --> 00:12:31,320 morals but because the organic materials 248 00:12:39,350 --> 00:12:34,950 which is a be reading books over ayah if 249 00:12:42,650 --> 00:12:39,360 I would say ubiquitous within the solar 250 00:12:45,440 --> 00:12:42,660 city there to be a potential to have 251 00:12:52,550 --> 00:12:45,450 arrived so that would be my question my 252 00:12:54,650 --> 00:12:52,560 answer so I'm also curious - so you do 253 00:12:58,940 --> 00:12:54,660 modelling not just on Venus on Earth and 254 00:13:01,040 --> 00:12:58,950 Mars but also on exoplanets so here's 255 00:13:04,460 --> 00:13:01,050 here's kind of a fun question do you 256 00:13:06,740 --> 00:13:04,470 think our solar system is rare in having 257 00:13:10,400 --> 00:13:06,750 for terrestrial worlds close into our 258 00:13:12,860 --> 00:13:10,410 star with gas giants much further out or 259 00:13:14,870 --> 00:13:12,870 do you think we just haven't found other 260 00:13:16,960 --> 00:13:14,880 solar systems like our own yet and that 261 00:13:23,350 --> 00:13:16,970 there probably are a bunch out there 262 00:13:29,600 --> 00:13:23,360 okay um the the my answer is I think our 263 00:13:34,340 --> 00:13:29,610 surahs it is a bit earlier case in the 264 00:13:36,500 --> 00:13:34,350 whole primary systems actually the 265 00:13:40,180 --> 00:13:36,510 people with presidental a techniques 266 00:13:43,090 --> 00:13:40,190 it's really hard to find 267 00:13:46,119 --> 00:13:43,100 our sights planet orbiting in the 268 00:13:50,740 --> 00:13:46,129 habitable zone around the solar texture 269 00:13:56,290 --> 00:13:50,750 but we have already found that where we 270 00:14:01,569 --> 00:13:56,300 found crater system which has a Jupiter 271 00:14:06,129 --> 00:14:01,579 other giant planets in many cases that 272 00:14:06,730 --> 00:14:06,139 system contain a planet apparently 273 00:14:11,740 --> 00:14:06,740 called 274 00:14:21,129 --> 00:14:11,750 super earth which is a bit raddest Najib 275 00:14:24,369 --> 00:14:21,139 Razak of Planet cross to their to their 276 00:14:27,699 --> 00:14:24,379 dad stir the whole sister and such kind 277 00:14:30,730 --> 00:14:27,709 of super earth doesn't exist in our 278 00:14:33,400 --> 00:14:30,740 solar system so in that respect I would 279 00:14:33,929 --> 00:14:33,410 say our solar system is somehow a real 280 00:14:36,699 --> 00:14:33,939 case 281 00:14:38,980 --> 00:14:36,709 ok awesome that's really interesting I 282 00:14:41,290 --> 00:14:38,990 think I once had a class in planetary 283 00:14:42,850 --> 00:14:41,300 science with Nick Schneider at the 284 00:14:45,809 --> 00:14:42,860 University of Colorado Boulder where I'm 285 00:14:48,819 --> 00:14:45,819 located and he made a really interesting 286 00:14:50,800 --> 00:14:48,829 comment that everything that he thought 287 00:14:52,569 --> 00:14:50,810 he knew about planetary science changed 288 00:14:54,069 --> 00:14:52,579 once we started finding exoplanets and 289 00:14:55,509 --> 00:14:54,079 so it always makes me wonder you know 290 00:14:57,280 --> 00:14:55,519 like when we find something new tomorrow 291 00:14:59,439 --> 00:14:57,290 that changes everything we think or will 292 00:15:01,120 --> 00:14:59,449 it will we be surprised yet again that 293 00:15:04,449 --> 00:15:01,130 things are what we think and such just 294 00:15:05,889 --> 00:15:04,459 it's an interesting thing to consider so 295 00:15:07,870 --> 00:15:05,899 we do have some time before we open it 296 00:15:09,220 --> 00:15:07,880 up to audience questions I want to 297 00:15:11,050 --> 00:15:09,230 remind the audience right now that you 298 00:15:14,499 --> 00:15:11,060 can start asking questions right now for 299 00:15:16,269 --> 00:15:14,509 hero in the second net chat or on the 300 00:15:17,710 --> 00:15:16,279 NASA Astrobiology Facebook page if 301 00:15:19,990 --> 00:15:17,720 you're watching they're just in the chat 302 00:15:22,150 --> 00:15:20,000 area the comment area beside of the 303 00:15:23,829 --> 00:15:22,160 video you can drop some questions right 304 00:15:25,389 --> 00:15:23,839 now and we'll get those into the queue 305 00:15:27,189 --> 00:15:25,399 we do have a lot of questions and so 306 00:15:30,129 --> 00:15:27,199 I'll work on getting into those pretty 307 00:15:31,360 --> 00:15:30,139 soon before we move on a bit about your 308 00:15:33,670 --> 00:15:31,370 personal life and kind of things that 309 00:15:36,040 --> 00:15:33,680 you're interested in here oh I'd like if 310 00:15:37,720 --> 00:15:36,050 you don't mind kind of explaining your 311 00:15:41,290 --> 00:15:37,730 day-to-day research what your work 312 00:15:46,740 --> 00:15:41,300 actually entails in doing modeling and 313 00:15:50,590 --> 00:15:46,750 computer simulations okay um in my 314 00:15:53,860 --> 00:15:50,600 computer simulation you know I simulate 315 00:15:57,449 --> 00:15:53,870 the the example the 316 00:16:01,329 --> 00:15:57,459 the process which formed products in a 317 00:16:07,900 --> 00:16:01,339 protoplanetary disk which is disk of gas 318 00:16:13,809 --> 00:16:07,910 and dust around aster and I shimrit how 319 00:16:18,699 --> 00:16:13,819 gas and dust moves around that host star 320 00:16:23,340 --> 00:16:18,709 and in the simulation does accumulate 321 00:16:28,739 --> 00:16:23,350 onto the the primary 322 00:16:33,069 --> 00:16:28,749 embryo and we can predict other 323 00:16:35,410 --> 00:16:33,079 fractions and many budget are no 324 00:16:40,439 --> 00:16:35,420 parameters what kind of pressure system 325 00:16:43,900 --> 00:16:40,449 can home and by comparing the resultant 326 00:16:52,049 --> 00:16:43,910 primary system in our model to actually 327 00:17:02,439 --> 00:16:58,619 observation studies I trying to 328 00:17:06,929 --> 00:17:02,449 constrain the the actual process which 329 00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:06,939 hold planets and even I am trying to 330 00:17:16,389 --> 00:17:12,010 predict the the the the freakish 331 00:17:19,860 --> 00:17:16,399 frequency of smaller threads which we 332 00:17:25,059 --> 00:17:19,870 cannot detect with a current technique 333 00:17:26,340 --> 00:17:25,069 that I mean that's awesome so so fir for 334 00:17:28,899 --> 00:17:26,350 our viewers at home 335 00:17:31,779 --> 00:17:28,909 so are you like testing like different 336 00:17:33,190 --> 00:17:31,789 concentrations of metals and I guess 337 00:17:35,919 --> 00:17:33,200 astronomers say metals for anything 338 00:17:39,370 --> 00:17:35,929 that's not hydrogen or helium but larger 339 00:17:41,799 --> 00:17:39,380 elements like things like iron and even 340 00:17:43,630 --> 00:17:41,809 heavier elements within a pro solar 341 00:17:50,230 --> 00:17:43,640 nebula and how that can form various 342 00:17:53,080 --> 00:17:50,240 types of planets yeah the that we call 343 00:17:55,600 --> 00:17:53,090 the the amount of metal as a matter s T 344 00:17:59,310 --> 00:17:55,610 and that is a well the most important 345 00:18:05,159 --> 00:17:59,320 parameter to determine the resultant 346 00:18:07,360 --> 00:18:05,169 primary system in your theory but also 347 00:18:08,950 --> 00:18:07,370 who don't the 348 00:18:12,370 --> 00:18:08,960 surprise observation people have already 349 00:18:15,780 --> 00:18:12,380 found some correlation between the host 350 00:18:19,480 --> 00:18:15,790 star Mehta receive is the frequency of 351 00:18:22,660 --> 00:18:19,490 giant planets so by looking at such kind 352 00:18:25,140 --> 00:18:22,670 of coordination comparing with modern we 353 00:18:28,060 --> 00:18:25,150 can and concerning a state process which 354 00:18:30,400 --> 00:18:28,070 determine the outcome right formation 355 00:18:32,350 --> 00:18:30,410 you know it's so cool 356 00:18:35,050 --> 00:18:32,360 a lot of times I get into conversations 357 00:18:36,820 --> 00:18:35,060 with people about how early in the 358 00:18:39,850 --> 00:18:36,830 history of the universe planets may have 359 00:18:42,130 --> 00:18:39,860 formed specifically planets like 360 00:18:44,470 --> 00:18:42,140 terrestrial worlds or worlds with oceans 361 00:18:46,020 --> 00:18:44,480 worlds that we think might have life 362 00:18:49,210 --> 00:18:46,030 like life as we know it 363 00:18:50,710 --> 00:18:49,220 how early then do you think that there 364 00:18:53,650 --> 00:18:50,720 was enough metallicity enough other 365 00:18:56,920 --> 00:18:53,660 stuff besides hydrogen and helium for 366 00:18:59,260 --> 00:18:56,930 the earliest planets to form in our 367 00:19:04,240 --> 00:18:59,270 universe worlds like Earth and Venus and 368 00:19:06,700 --> 00:19:04,250 Mars that is really great question in 369 00:19:09,280 --> 00:19:06,710 the first generation of the studs there 370 00:19:13,810 --> 00:19:09,290 would be only hydrogen Harry made some 371 00:19:20,290 --> 00:19:13,820 regime so around that kind of the first 372 00:19:23,410 --> 00:19:20,300 generation we would not have passed rock 373 00:19:26,650 --> 00:19:23,420 prax because we eat you know the shitty 374 00:19:30,340 --> 00:19:26,660 coast in Cabo lots of different elements 375 00:19:35,730 --> 00:19:30,350 but as we go to the second date short 376 00:19:39,600 --> 00:19:35,740 generation the UN Terry I think starts 377 00:19:44,500 --> 00:19:39,610 started who to form a strike planets 378 00:19:47,290 --> 00:19:44,510 around them so it's bit difficult to say 379 00:19:49,660 --> 00:19:47,300 the exact time where we bend the 380 00:19:52,510 --> 00:19:49,670 universe start to for abstract planets 381 00:19:55,360 --> 00:19:52,520 but I would say we need a second or 382 00:19:57,040 --> 00:19:55,370 third generation of stars and it's 383 00:19:58,900 --> 00:19:57,050 awesomeness so I was interesting to 384 00:20:01,240 --> 00:19:58,910 think about you know when could life 385 00:20:02,950 --> 00:20:01,250 have started in our universe or in our 386 00:20:04,930 --> 00:20:02,960 galaxy based on the kinds of planets we 387 00:20:06,850 --> 00:20:04,940 had so it seems like your research is 388 00:20:09,730 --> 00:20:06,860 really crucial to maybe trying to answer 389 00:20:11,890 --> 00:20:09,740 that kind of question so I do and remind 390 00:20:13,540 --> 00:20:11,900 our audience again we do have a lot of 391 00:20:15,580 --> 00:20:13,550 questions already but please don't let 392 00:20:17,110 --> 00:20:15,590 that deter you you can still keep asking 393 00:20:20,150 --> 00:20:17,120 questions I'll jump over to audience 394 00:20:23,060 --> 00:20:20,160 questions here very soon for for 395 00:20:26,060 --> 00:20:23,070 dr. Kurokawa but first here oh I'd like 396 00:20:28,520 --> 00:20:26,070 to chat a bit about your life outside of 397 00:20:30,080 --> 00:20:28,530 science so for instance I understand 398 00:20:32,960 --> 00:20:30,090 that you enjoyed like seeing wild 399 00:20:34,310 --> 00:20:32,970 animals and going to zoos and doing 400 00:20:39,980 --> 00:20:34,320 photography of animals where did that 401 00:20:44,750 --> 00:20:39,990 passion come from yeah I like to go to 402 00:20:49,160 --> 00:20:44,760 see animals even to see the right animal 403 00:20:51,640 --> 00:20:49,170 assists in some national parks and well 404 00:20:56,270 --> 00:20:51,650 I don't know the exact reason but the 405 00:20:58,580 --> 00:20:56,280 violin reason could be because I'm 406 00:21:02,710 --> 00:20:58,590 merely working with the computer 407 00:21:05,180 --> 00:21:02,720 modeling analyzing data sent from the 408 00:21:11,390 --> 00:21:05,190 spacecraft in my home feeds 409 00:21:15,220 --> 00:21:11,400 I like to go outside when I am NOT in my 410 00:21:20,690 --> 00:21:15,230 office that could be a real reason and 411 00:21:27,680 --> 00:21:20,700 also I don't know if this is reason but 412 00:21:34,250 --> 00:21:27,690 when I wrote why the animals in nature I 413 00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:34,260 always impressed how the nature it's 414 00:21:40,310 --> 00:21:37,410 complex and it already reminded me that 415 00:21:43,690 --> 00:21:40,320 the the computer modeling things only 416 00:21:47,630 --> 00:21:43,700 capture the tiny part of us in nature so 417 00:21:52,340 --> 00:21:47,640 it remind me such kind of the modeling 418 00:21:58,040 --> 00:21:52,350 always means some tiny but the important 419 00:22:01,160 --> 00:21:58,050 part would over the nature another 420 00:22:03,530 --> 00:22:01,170 interesting point our models are just 421 00:22:05,810 --> 00:22:03,540 how we try to approximate what nature is 422 00:22:08,270 --> 00:22:05,820 doing but nature is always a bit beyond 423 00:22:09,560 --> 00:22:08,280 our models right I love the idea of just 424 00:22:11,540 --> 00:22:09,570 getting out of your office I had a lot 425 00:22:12,620 --> 00:22:11,550 of friends in graduate school who did 426 00:22:13,910 --> 00:22:12,630 theoretical work and they were 427 00:22:15,500 --> 00:22:13,920 constantly on their computers and a lot 428 00:22:17,030 --> 00:22:15,510 of them love to go out and just go on 429 00:22:19,820 --> 00:22:17,040 vacation and you can do things to get 430 00:22:23,240 --> 00:22:19,830 away from their office so if I if I have 431 00:22:25,130 --> 00:22:23,250 a chance to come visit Tokyo for AM 2020 432 00:22:27,620 --> 00:22:25,140 or at grad Khan 2020 433 00:22:30,520 --> 00:22:27,630 what is the one Zoo you would recommend 434 00:22:32,360 --> 00:22:30,530 to a guest they have to go see near yeah 435 00:22:37,940 --> 00:22:32,370 yeah 436 00:22:41,510 --> 00:22:37,950 there is big code we know sue and I 437 00:22:45,019 --> 00:22:41,520 fricking it I frequently visit to 438 00:22:46,070 --> 00:22:45,029 dissolve you can also enjoy awesome I 439 00:22:47,690 --> 00:22:46,080 love it 440 00:22:50,750 --> 00:22:47,700 so if I have a chance to come or if we 441 00:22:54,159 --> 00:22:50,760 have to check that out I also understand 442 00:22:57,519 --> 00:22:54,169 that you also are a big fan of baseball 443 00:23:04,130 --> 00:22:57,529 yes actually that the base for is really 444 00:23:09,139 --> 00:23:04,140 actually it's a most popular sports in 445 00:23:14,210 --> 00:23:09,149 Japan and because I'm from the Hokkaido 446 00:23:19,460 --> 00:23:14,220 it's another part of the Japan I big 447 00:23:24,409 --> 00:23:19,470 from the Hokkaido fighters and way I 448 00:23:28,669 --> 00:23:24,419 have time I sometimes go to watch babes 449 00:23:30,110 --> 00:23:28,679 war games in the studying that's awesome 450 00:23:32,120 --> 00:23:30,120 I think you know it's always good for 451 00:23:34,190 --> 00:23:32,130 people remember that that all scientists 452 00:23:36,500 --> 00:23:34,200 also have a life outside of the 453 00:23:37,730 --> 00:23:36,510 laboratory away from the computer away 454 00:23:40,399 --> 00:23:37,740 from the telescope away from the 455 00:23:42,230 --> 00:23:40,409 microscope we also do other things so 456 00:23:44,570 --> 00:23:42,240 that's really cool and I will definitely 457 00:23:45,950 --> 00:23:44,580 have to come visit that zoo and take in 458 00:23:49,130 --> 00:23:45,960 so the natural wildlife if I get a 459 00:23:51,169 --> 00:23:49,140 chance to visit so I am going to open it 460 00:23:52,909 --> 00:23:51,179 up to the audience questions now so 461 00:23:55,220 --> 00:23:52,919 remember you can ask your questions on 462 00:23:58,010 --> 00:23:55,230 the second net Borg or on the NASA 463 00:23:59,330 --> 00:23:58,020 Astrobiology Facebook page or if you'd 464 00:24:01,070 --> 00:23:59,340 like you can also jump over to Twitter 465 00:24:03,950 --> 00:24:01,080 right now and pop in a question there 466 00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:03,960 using hashtag ask Astro bio that hashtag 467 00:24:08,200 --> 00:24:05,610 lets us track the questions a little 468 00:24:11,779 --> 00:24:08,210 easier so we're going to start off with 469 00:24:15,139 --> 00:24:11,789 a question from dr. Jim pass of the 470 00:24:19,820 --> 00:24:15,149 Astro sociology Research Institute god 471 00:24:21,289 --> 00:24:19,830 yes an interesting question Jim wants to 472 00:24:23,090 --> 00:24:21,299 know do you think it will make a 473 00:24:25,190 --> 00:24:23,100 difference to some individuals 474 00:24:28,130 --> 00:24:25,200 categories or social groups here on 475 00:24:31,279 --> 00:24:28,140 earth if it was proved that human life 476 00:24:36,110 --> 00:24:31,289 came from Mars or elsewhere rather than 477 00:24:39,590 --> 00:24:36,120 developing here on earth oh it's it's a 478 00:24:43,610 --> 00:24:39,600 difficult question I'll this means their 479 00:24:44,409 --> 00:24:43,620 life came from us or else we are a form 480 00:24:51,159 --> 00:24:44,419 of 481 00:24:52,930 --> 00:24:51,169 group that's how I'm reading his 482 00:24:55,570 --> 00:24:52,940 question I think he's asking you what 483 00:24:58,299 --> 00:24:55,580 happens if complex humans came here or 484 00:25:02,399 --> 00:24:58,309 other complex life maybe how do you 485 00:25:07,720 --> 00:25:02,409 think people would react to that yeah 486 00:25:12,909 --> 00:25:07,730 it's really interesting and when we 487 00:25:16,599 --> 00:25:12,919 think about the human history would be a 488 00:25:22,180 --> 00:25:16,609 big suprise when people recognize that 489 00:25:24,810 --> 00:25:22,190 the US is a Sufi rather than friend and 490 00:25:27,460 --> 00:25:24,820 also there would be a big surprise when 491 00:25:29,950 --> 00:25:27,470 people found that earth is orbiting 492 00:25:37,239 --> 00:25:29,960 around a lot of the science orbiting 493 00:25:42,009 --> 00:25:37,249 around us so yeah I think that kind of 494 00:25:47,529 --> 00:25:42,019 new findings we completely change our 495 00:25:51,039 --> 00:25:47,539 view of the world whoa universe and it's 496 00:25:53,799 --> 00:25:51,049 not directly change our daily life 497 00:25:56,680 --> 00:25:53,809 because we always need to wake up in the 498 00:25:59,680 --> 00:25:56,690 morning and go to all streets 499 00:26:04,389 --> 00:25:59,690 it doesn't change but eventually such 500 00:26:07,619 --> 00:26:04,399 kind of big difference in our 501 00:26:13,710 --> 00:26:07,629 understanding of the universe would 502 00:26:21,249 --> 00:26:13,720 change our culture I think and I 503 00:26:25,649 --> 00:26:21,259 actually don't think complex track like 504 00:26:31,210 --> 00:26:25,659 like a human came from other press right 505 00:26:35,519 --> 00:26:31,220 rods because we have the fossil record 506 00:26:39,460 --> 00:26:35,529 of how life evolved on this planet but 507 00:26:43,239 --> 00:26:39,470 it's possible that some organic 508 00:26:48,539 --> 00:26:43,249 materials or even the primitive the 509 00:26:52,359 --> 00:26:48,549 microbes came from Mars or elsewhere or 510 00:26:56,229 --> 00:26:52,369 even the such kind of ragged emerged or 511 00:26:57,779 --> 00:26:56,239 us what's transported to other press 512 00:26:59,960 --> 00:26:57,789 because we 513 00:27:03,659 --> 00:26:59,970 really know that the materials are 514 00:27:07,099 --> 00:27:03,669 transported between the Earth and Mars 515 00:27:11,639 --> 00:27:07,109 we have huge sample of Martian 516 00:27:15,690 --> 00:27:11,649 meteorites or athletes possibility even 517 00:27:19,109 --> 00:27:15,700 with that kinds only the transport of 518 00:27:22,739 --> 00:27:19,119 microbes that will give us a big 519 00:27:25,859 --> 00:27:22,749 surprise about how life over the world 520 00:27:27,690 --> 00:27:25,869 in DC universe absolutely it's awesome 521 00:27:29,999 --> 00:27:27,700 yeah it's interesting question I've 522 00:27:32,279 --> 00:27:30,009 never seen such impasse is a regular 523 00:27:32,849 --> 00:27:32,289 viewer of our show a big supporter hi 524 00:27:34,529 --> 00:27:32,859 Jim 525 00:27:36,810 --> 00:27:34,539 so it's an interesting question for him 526 00:27:37,769 --> 00:27:36,820 to ask and it's good for us to think 527 00:27:39,359 --> 00:27:37,779 about even though I think you're 528 00:27:41,070 --> 00:27:39,369 probably right it seems like because we 529 00:27:44,249 --> 00:27:41,080 have record that that's probably not 530 00:27:46,200 --> 00:27:44,259 likely but so let's move on to our next 531 00:27:47,190 --> 00:27:46,210 question which also has to do with what 532 00:27:50,669 --> 00:27:47,200 you're just speaking about with things 533 00:27:52,739 --> 00:27:50,679 coming to earth obviously there's been a 534 00:27:56,519 --> 00:27:52,749 consideration argument for some time 535 00:27:59,099 --> 00:27:56,529 about where earth got its water from was 536 00:28:01,499 --> 00:27:59,109 earth water delivered via comments or to 537 00:28:03,899 --> 00:28:01,509 Earth's water start inside the planet 538 00:28:06,839 --> 00:28:03,909 from the minerals that formed us so 539 00:28:09,719 --> 00:28:06,849 Twitter user Michael long at McCoy hi 540 00:28:11,940 --> 00:28:09,729 Michael he wants to know what is the 541 00:28:14,249 --> 00:28:11,950 latest scientific understanding of how 542 00:28:16,259 --> 00:28:14,259 earth goddess water and what 543 00:28:18,060 --> 00:28:16,269 implications does this have for the 544 00:28:21,659 --> 00:28:18,070 abundances of water on terrestrial 545 00:28:24,450 --> 00:28:21,669 planets at rest or exoplanets yeah that 546 00:28:26,940 --> 00:28:24,460 is a really great question and it's 547 00:28:32,700 --> 00:28:26,950 solely related to the list of hawaii's 548 00:28:37,769 --> 00:28:32,710 and the spacecraft to asteroids and okay 549 00:28:41,239 --> 00:28:37,779 in the current understanding the the 550 00:28:46,129 --> 00:28:41,249 water us would have been delivered to 551 00:28:51,210 --> 00:28:46,139 this planet in the early stage of the 552 00:28:54,499 --> 00:28:51,220 planet formation maybe by asteroids 553 00:28:59,399 --> 00:28:54,509 rather than comet we have some evidence 554 00:29:04,739 --> 00:28:59,409 from the isotopes or some elementary 555 00:29:09,330 --> 00:29:04,749 bondas measurement in comments and the 556 00:29:11,070 --> 00:29:09,340 the idea is that the my course the the 557 00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:11,080 asteroids which 558 00:29:19,560 --> 00:29:15,010 contain lots of Baroda chicory exists in 559 00:29:21,720 --> 00:29:19,570 the outer solar system and we believe 560 00:29:25,710 --> 00:29:21,730 that the the original material which 561 00:29:28,740 --> 00:29:25,720 forward in the inner solar system would 562 00:29:31,019 --> 00:29:28,750 have been relatively dry so there was a 563 00:29:33,690 --> 00:29:31,029 mechanism which transported the material 564 00:29:38,210 --> 00:29:33,700 to grow outer solar system to the inner 565 00:29:43,129 --> 00:29:38,220 solar system and some theoretical 566 00:29:45,149 --> 00:29:43,139 modeling suggests that that material was 567 00:29:48,990 --> 00:29:45,159 transported from the outer to inner 568 00:29:52,110 --> 00:29:49,000 forested system in the form of the the 569 00:29:54,419 --> 00:29:52,120 small bodies like asteroids the because 570 00:29:59,870 --> 00:29:54,429 of deformation with Jupiter and some 571 00:30:04,169 --> 00:29:59,880 migration of Jupiter in the re Sora 572 00:30:09,029 --> 00:30:04,179 system and this kind of the prediction 573 00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:09,039 can be at least partially test with the 574 00:30:16,350 --> 00:30:12,610 sopra we returned back from asteroids 575 00:30:18,529 --> 00:30:16,360 with the help to spacecraft because that 576 00:30:22,860 --> 00:30:18,539 asteroid is actually the near-earth 577 00:30:24,870 --> 00:30:22,870 asteroids but the there is some reason 578 00:30:29,279 --> 00:30:24,880 to believe that that asteroids the 579 00:30:32,580 --> 00:30:29,289 fragment of larger asteroids exist in 580 00:30:34,350 --> 00:30:32,590 the outer solar system so I believe this 581 00:30:40,100 --> 00:30:34,360 kind of hypothesis can beat estimates 582 00:30:44,149 --> 00:30:40,110 our mission and regarding to the 583 00:30:51,480 --> 00:30:44,159 prediction to the exoplanets water 584 00:30:54,750 --> 00:30:51,490 abundance this the Surrey for the 585 00:30:57,509 --> 00:30:54,760 transportation of water from the outer 586 00:31:01,470 --> 00:30:57,519 solar system to the inner solar system 587 00:31:08,060 --> 00:31:01,480 in the form of asteroids is correct this 588 00:31:12,750 --> 00:31:08,070 means that the the the presence of other 589 00:31:16,430 --> 00:31:12,760 planets such as Jupiter is important to 590 00:31:21,930 --> 00:31:16,440 transport the material to attract 591 00:31:24,780 --> 00:31:21,940 planets so it's hard to predict the 592 00:31:26,850 --> 00:31:24,790 exact body for 593 00:31:28,830 --> 00:31:26,860 each eggs of planets about the world 594 00:31:31,400 --> 00:31:28,840 around us and each other to predict this 595 00:31:35,520 --> 00:31:31,410 frequency of the distribution but I 596 00:31:37,890 --> 00:31:35,530 expect because the presence of or 597 00:31:38,550 --> 00:31:37,900 absence of gas giant in planetary 598 00:31:42,180 --> 00:31:38,560 systems 599 00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:42,190 hurry depends on it each system there 600 00:31:51,440 --> 00:31:45,010 will be huge variation in the water 601 00:31:54,500 --> 00:31:51,450 Amanda's in X or Sora austrack Granite's 602 00:31:58,560 --> 00:31:54,510 having such collaboration is really 603 00:32:02,340 --> 00:31:58,570 interesting for me or other practice 604 00:32:07,640 --> 00:32:02,350 science because we have really huge 605 00:32:13,140 --> 00:32:07,650 diversity of a strike plants and it's 606 00:32:16,920 --> 00:32:13,150 really interesting to understand in 607 00:32:22,560 --> 00:32:16,930 future what kind of condition in terms 608 00:32:27,570 --> 00:32:22,570 of wort abundance it's good to good for 609 00:32:28,620 --> 00:32:27,580 that pride to tip it over I think it 610 00:32:30,390 --> 00:32:28,630 sounds like that's that's a really cool 611 00:32:33,720 --> 00:32:30,400 way that we could then use computer 612 00:32:35,280 --> 00:32:33,730 modeling to maybe predict where are 613 00:32:36,420 --> 00:32:35,290 those exoplanets are that have oceans 614 00:32:40,500 --> 00:32:36,430 which could be a really cool thing to 615 00:32:42,300 --> 00:32:40,510 find I do our next question this one 616 00:32:43,860 --> 00:32:42,310 comes from Twitter from the explainable 617 00:32:46,580 --> 00:32:43,870 z-- which is a science communication 618 00:32:50,340 --> 00:32:46,590 group I'm a member of explainable z-- 619 00:32:52,950 --> 00:32:50,350 their question is detection of oxygen 620 00:32:55,710 --> 00:32:52,960 and methane and especially seasonal 621 00:32:58,980 --> 00:32:55,720 change of changes of them would be a 622 00:33:01,260 --> 00:32:58,990 strong bio signature in exoplanets now 623 00:33:03,750 --> 00:33:01,270 that we have found that on Mars or maybe 624 00:33:07,680 --> 00:33:03,760 not but it's been it's been proposed we 625 00:33:11,310 --> 00:33:07,690 found methane on Mars the question is 626 00:33:14,850 --> 00:33:11,320 why is that not a bio signature okay 627 00:33:19,820 --> 00:33:14,860 yeah this is a really great question and 628 00:33:24,680 --> 00:33:19,830 it's true that the scientists argue that 629 00:33:27,450 --> 00:33:24,690 we found the oxygen molecule and 630 00:33:30,650 --> 00:33:27,460 missiles simultaneously owing surprise 631 00:33:34,170 --> 00:33:30,660 atmosphere that would be the signature 632 00:33:34,860 --> 00:33:34,180 biological activity because so two more 633 00:33:37,690 --> 00:33:34,870 kills 634 00:33:42,669 --> 00:33:37,700 cannot coexist 635 00:33:45,580 --> 00:33:42,679 in the plant without like because the 636 00:33:49,539 --> 00:33:45,590 reaction changes the atomic composer and 637 00:33:52,659 --> 00:33:49,549 maybe the oxygen completely oxidize the 638 00:33:57,070 --> 00:33:52,669 metal base and completely reduce oxygen 639 00:34:01,149 --> 00:33:57,080 molecules and the point is that we need 640 00:34:04,570 --> 00:34:01,159 the permanent existence were permanent 641 00:34:08,069 --> 00:34:04,580 coexistence of those two species to say 642 00:34:11,549 --> 00:34:08,079 this is a bio signature and almost the 643 00:34:15,909 --> 00:34:11,559 DJ molecule in the atmosphere is 644 00:34:18,700 --> 00:34:15,919 permanent but this is likely to be a 645 00:34:21,450 --> 00:34:18,710 result of the the photochemistry which 646 00:34:24,250 --> 00:34:21,460 dissociated atmospheric carbon dioxide 647 00:34:29,619 --> 00:34:24,260 dioxide which is the main component of 648 00:34:32,639 --> 00:34:29,629 the atmosphere and there was some 649 00:34:37,299 --> 00:34:32,649 possible detection of methane on Mars 650 00:34:42,119 --> 00:34:37,309 for example by the Curiosity rover and 651 00:34:46,659 --> 00:34:42,129 that methane is not apparent but it's 652 00:34:50,049 --> 00:34:46,669 intermittently emitted from somewhere 653 00:34:53,369 --> 00:34:50,059 possibly you know subsurface and but 654 00:34:56,500 --> 00:34:53,379 after the emission the the message 655 00:35:02,190 --> 00:34:56,510 abundance quickly goes down so which 656 00:35:11,620 --> 00:35:08,160 wall she died species so this means that 657 00:35:15,069 --> 00:35:11,630 the Martian atmosphere has a potential 658 00:35:19,839 --> 00:35:15,079 to return to the equilibrium state we 659 00:35:22,660 --> 00:35:19,849 are missing does not exist and this kind 660 00:35:25,569 --> 00:35:22,670 of relatively tiny amount of the methane 661 00:35:30,069 --> 00:35:25,579 can be released from some subsurface 662 00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:30,079 water rock reaction or the release of 663 00:35:39,940 --> 00:35:35,210 Mesa in some hydrate and so that we can 664 00:35:42,819 --> 00:35:39,950 not say the intermitted coexistence of 665 00:35:47,520 --> 00:35:42,829 ocean water with the methane in Russia 666 00:35:50,770 --> 00:35:47,530 Artemisia is not strong crews for 667 00:35:51,609 --> 00:35:50,780 biological activity on one so the 668 00:35:54,819 --> 00:35:51,619 important 669 00:35:58,870 --> 00:35:54,829 is the the prominent coin is a distance 670 00:36:02,469 --> 00:35:58,880 of two species if the missing is a 671 00:36:07,749 --> 00:36:02,479 permanent with oxygen molecule we need a 672 00:36:10,870 --> 00:36:07,759 huge source of methane and just that is 673 00:36:13,239 --> 00:36:10,880 hard to explain with some biological 674 00:36:15,819 --> 00:36:13,249 activity so it could be a strong 675 00:36:17,949 --> 00:36:15,829 signature of biological activity that is 676 00:36:20,559 --> 00:36:17,959 my answer yeah that's a pretty good 677 00:36:22,179 --> 00:36:20,569 answer - I agree with that I think you 678 00:36:24,729 --> 00:36:22,189 know seeing whiffs of potential methane 679 00:36:27,130 --> 00:36:24,739 is one thing but we need some consistent 680 00:36:27,999 --> 00:36:27,140 methane on Mars it's a good question 681 00:36:29,789 --> 00:36:28,009 though it's important I think for 682 00:36:33,279 --> 00:36:29,799 exoplanets for us to think about 683 00:36:34,689 --> 00:36:33,289 seasonal changes in reduced and oxidized 684 00:36:37,479 --> 00:36:34,699 species that could lead to life 685 00:36:40,569 --> 00:36:37,489 detection our next question comes from 686 00:36:43,779 --> 00:36:40,579 Sagan net user Preetha typo Preetha 687 00:36:45,729 --> 00:36:43,789 wants to know she says he says asteroids 688 00:36:47,469 --> 00:36:45,739 lacks so many characteristics of a 689 00:36:49,779 --> 00:36:47,479 planet that are essential for life 690 00:36:52,140 --> 00:36:49,789 at least as we know it why are they 691 00:36:55,539 --> 00:36:52,150 studied so frequently 692 00:36:58,150 --> 00:36:55,549 so could you clearly beat up yes so it 693 00:37:00,249 --> 00:36:58,160 says asteroids lacked so many things 694 00:37:02,709 --> 00:37:00,259 that a planet has they're essential for 695 00:37:08,049 --> 00:37:02,719 life so why are they studied so 696 00:37:15,130 --> 00:37:08,059 frequently okay um the reason why the 697 00:37:19,059 --> 00:37:15,140 scientists study asteroid is that there 698 00:37:23,439 --> 00:37:19,069 would be a record over the early solar 699 00:37:27,309 --> 00:37:23,449 system have the materials such as rotor 700 00:37:33,880 --> 00:37:27,319 and the organics workers transported 701 00:37:37,419 --> 00:37:33,890 within the Soraa system and other 702 00:37:41,859 --> 00:37:37,429 planets because of some geologic 703 00:37:45,519 --> 00:37:41,869 activity was biological activity in the 704 00:37:49,299 --> 00:37:45,529 case of us the such kind of record who 705 00:37:54,819 --> 00:37:49,309 are a solar system has been already lost 706 00:37:57,880 --> 00:37:54,829 but the pleases still remaining liquid 707 00:38:02,679 --> 00:37:57,890 over r-e so the solar system or asteroid 708 00:38:04,040 --> 00:38:02,689 so that's why scientists we care about 709 00:38:10,880 --> 00:38:04,050 the 710 00:38:12,950 --> 00:38:10,890 me out like that I'm also so I'm kind of 711 00:38:15,500 --> 00:38:12,960 curious what you think I'm currently 712 00:38:18,590 --> 00:38:15,510 reading the novels in the expanse series 713 00:38:22,490 --> 00:38:18,600 from the television show and in the 714 00:38:24,290 --> 00:38:22,500 novel's humans have started colonizing a 715 00:38:25,250 --> 00:38:24,300 lot of the asteroid bodies in our solar 716 00:38:27,470 --> 00:38:25,260 system 717 00:38:31,100 --> 00:38:27,480 they've colonized series and turned it 718 00:38:33,170 --> 00:38:31,110 into a base they colonized many moons do 719 00:38:36,170 --> 00:38:33,180 you think humans in the future will 720 00:38:39,290 --> 00:38:36,180 easily be able to go out and to to build 721 00:38:42,620 --> 00:38:39,300 colonies inside of asteroids yeah 722 00:38:47,980 --> 00:38:42,630 actually I reckon science fiction's and 723 00:38:54,320 --> 00:38:47,990 I believe that in future people can live 724 00:38:59,030 --> 00:38:54,330 within the asteroids because some types 725 00:39:05,750 --> 00:38:59,040 of asteroids have some rota ice-fishing 726 00:39:10,310 --> 00:39:05,760 it and even some borax materials exist 727 00:39:15,260 --> 00:39:10,320 in the asteroids even presently a solar 728 00:39:21,530 --> 00:39:15,270 system and those kind of resource can be 729 00:39:27,890 --> 00:39:21,540 used to a human to live in the space and 730 00:39:31,100 --> 00:39:27,900 also the inside asteroids it's good to 731 00:39:34,960 --> 00:39:31,110 protect our service from the a strong 732 00:39:40,670 --> 00:39:34,970 surah in radiation Essaouira wind 733 00:39:44,870 --> 00:39:40,680 radiation so I think such kind of story 734 00:39:47,600 --> 00:39:44,880 is not linear strange science fiction 735 00:39:51,470 --> 00:39:47,610 but it's possible prediction for our 736 00:39:56,750 --> 00:39:51,480 future development 737 00:39:58,280 --> 00:39:56,760 I think live in the future so bad so our 738 00:40:01,010 --> 00:39:58,290 next question comes again from the 739 00:40:03,620 --> 00:40:01,020 explainable is Twitter account this one 740 00:40:06,380 --> 00:40:03,630 asks the Martian moons exploration probe 741 00:40:09,530 --> 00:40:06,390 that MMX is supposed to bring back 742 00:40:11,030 --> 00:40:09,540 something around 10 grams of sample or 743 00:40:13,440 --> 00:40:11,040 greater than 10 grams of sample from 744 00:40:15,240 --> 00:40:13,450 Phobos the question is 745 00:40:18,030 --> 00:40:15,250 what is the maximum amount that this 746 00:40:20,130 --> 00:40:18,040 could return if everything works out and 747 00:40:24,770 --> 00:40:20,140 also are there any planetary protection 748 00:40:31,170 --> 00:40:28,890 could you be the second harm yeah so 749 00:40:32,910 --> 00:40:31,180 that the first part was what is the 750 00:40:36,480 --> 00:40:32,920 maximum amount of sample that could come 751 00:40:40,440 --> 00:40:36,490 back with MMX and the second part is is 752 00:40:42,839 --> 00:40:40,450 there any planetary protection concept 753 00:40:44,880 --> 00:40:42,849 protocols in place to make sure these 754 00:40:50,370 --> 00:40:44,890 samples don't contaminate us or we don't 755 00:40:54,720 --> 00:40:50,380 contaminate them okay okay 756 00:40:59,130 --> 00:40:54,730 for the the amount we bring back as you 757 00:41:04,349 --> 00:40:59,140 said it's estimated to be about 10 gram 758 00:41:10,339 --> 00:41:04,359 and no scientists working hard to 759 00:41:13,260 --> 00:41:10,349 actually decide in the capacity to 760 00:41:17,270 --> 00:41:13,270 return the sample back but it's upon 761 00:41:20,790 --> 00:41:17,280 Christmas 10 gram and regarding to the 762 00:41:24,500 --> 00:41:20,800 second question of course we care much 763 00:41:28,020 --> 00:41:24,510 about the primary protection sinks and 764 00:41:31,920 --> 00:41:28,030 example so some of my colleagues 765 00:41:35,849 --> 00:41:31,930 estimated if we have a potential to 766 00:41:39,900 --> 00:41:35,859 bring back living life from that sub 767 00:41:46,050 --> 00:41:39,910 room Phobos and fortunately were 768 00:41:49,530 --> 00:41:46,060 unfortunately from that s mission the we 769 00:41:54,240 --> 00:41:49,540 would not bring back any living cell 770 00:41:58,740 --> 00:41:54,250 from foremost because the Rosi process 771 00:42:04,710 --> 00:41:58,750 which delivers materials from a surface 772 00:42:09,870 --> 00:42:04,720 to force or the living life will be will 773 00:42:14,750 --> 00:42:09,880 be dead because of the shock process and 774 00:42:19,500 --> 00:42:14,760 also the irradiation cosmic ray 775 00:42:21,980 --> 00:42:19,510 but these people here really much about 776 00:42:25,530 --> 00:42:21,990 the planetary protection stuff yes 777 00:42:26,970 --> 00:42:25,540 awesome man so maybe no Fabozzi and 778 00:42:29,730 --> 00:42:26,980 alien invaders yet 779 00:42:32,280 --> 00:42:29,740 but you never know so our next question 780 00:42:34,680 --> 00:42:32,290 comes from my dear friend and co-host 781 00:42:38,520 --> 00:42:34,690 and fellow researcher from the Marvel 782 00:42:42,900 --> 00:42:38,530 space Sanjoy some on Twitter at Sandra 783 00:42:44,310 --> 00:42:42,910 Marcel and Sandra asks so hero what 784 00:42:54,540 --> 00:42:44,320 would what would be your dream 785 00:42:59,069 --> 00:42:54,550 Hayabusa 3 mission yeah okay we could 786 00:43:06,120 --> 00:42:59,079 have hired three mission I directed 787 00:43:12,930 --> 00:43:06,130 bring back sample where we potentially 788 00:43:18,060 --> 00:43:12,940 have some life builders and my favorite 789 00:43:23,690 --> 00:43:18,070 target would be Europa orbiting Jupiter 790 00:43:29,310 --> 00:43:23,700 the Europa has subsurface ocean and 791 00:43:32,280 --> 00:43:29,320 scientists are discussing the the 792 00:43:35,250 --> 00:43:32,290 chemical operation within the subsurface 793 00:43:39,660 --> 00:43:35,260 ocean a rope and also even the the 794 00:43:42,809 --> 00:43:39,670 possible emergence of life on it so it 795 00:43:48,410 --> 00:43:42,819 would be really great if we can its 796 00:43:52,109 --> 00:43:48,420 sample back from the Europa even the 797 00:43:54,870 --> 00:43:52,119 sample return from the service would be 798 00:43:57,900 --> 00:43:54,880 really useful because the it's icy 799 00:44:01,800 --> 00:43:57,910 sockets would be covered by the material 800 00:44:04,680 --> 00:44:01,810 which was emitted the subsurface ocean 801 00:44:05,640 --> 00:44:04,690 that would be my dream awesome 802 00:44:08,220 --> 00:44:05,650 yeah that sounds like a really cool 803 00:44:11,640 --> 00:44:08,230 mission I think it fits with our next 804 00:44:13,980 --> 00:44:11,650 question from user Joe lid who my 805 00:44:16,079 --> 00:44:13,990 producer and my teleprompter runner here 806 00:44:17,730 --> 00:44:16,089 I understand is very active right now on 807 00:44:20,490 --> 00:44:17,740 the Facebook page watching the show so 808 00:44:22,859 --> 00:44:20,500 hi Joe thank you for that Joe wants to 809 00:44:25,800 --> 00:44:22,869 know which moon you think has the better 810 00:44:31,380 --> 00:44:25,810 potential for hosting life in sodas or 811 00:44:35,190 --> 00:44:31,390 Europa okay um yeah totally related to 812 00:44:35,700 --> 00:44:35,200 who I excused Europa as a target of hive 813 00:44:39,009 --> 00:44:35,710 cells 814 00:44:48,259 --> 00:44:43,190 there are several different aspects to 815 00:44:50,930 --> 00:44:48,269 compare two moons for example in Thomas 816 00:44:54,680 --> 00:44:50,940 the the physical aspect of the 817 00:44:58,539 --> 00:44:54,690 subsurface ocean the aspects of the 818 00:45:01,219 --> 00:44:58,549 chemical compulsion which mayor or the 819 00:45:04,690 --> 00:45:01,229 chemical evolution of the organic 820 00:45:09,949 --> 00:45:04,700 materials which could of life and 821 00:45:13,039 --> 00:45:09,959 because I'm basically the physicists the 822 00:45:17,440 --> 00:45:13,049 my answer is based on the the physics of 823 00:45:21,650 --> 00:45:17,450 the subsurface ocean the we know that 824 00:45:25,609 --> 00:45:21,660 both of those moods could have a 825 00:45:28,449 --> 00:45:25,619 subsurface ocean but the L robots have 826 00:45:32,059 --> 00:45:28,459 such OSHA will be much more of 827 00:45:34,699 --> 00:45:32,069 long-living it's it would be a permanent 828 00:45:36,410 --> 00:45:34,709 because because of its size and also 829 00:45:42,219 --> 00:45:36,420 they're tied our interaction with 830 00:45:45,589 --> 00:45:42,229 Jupiter and in terms of the 831 00:45:48,969 --> 00:45:45,599 sustainability of a subsurface ocean we 832 00:45:54,620 --> 00:45:48,979 have some clue that the subsurface ocean 833 00:45:57,199 --> 00:45:54,630 still exists inside us but because 834 00:46:00,229 --> 00:45:57,209 Enceladus is much much smaller compared 835 00:46:04,989 --> 00:46:00,239 with Europe and also the the energy 836 00:46:08,650 --> 00:46:04,999 source would be much more limited that 837 00:46:15,789 --> 00:46:08,660 present-day subsurface ocean on 838 00:46:22,509 --> 00:46:15,799 Enceladus might be some intermittent 839 00:46:26,089 --> 00:46:22,519 state and in the past that such osa 840 00:46:29,089 --> 00:46:26,099 might be freezing but some recent 841 00:46:32,809 --> 00:46:29,099 interaction with other satellites in 842 00:46:36,840 --> 00:46:32,819 terms of tidal interaction create the 843 00:46:38,559 --> 00:46:36,850 recent subsurface ocean in that case 844 00:46:43,160 --> 00:46:38,569 [Music] 845 00:46:45,380 --> 00:46:43,170 incidence would not have enough time to 846 00:46:48,769 --> 00:46:45,390 develop life 847 00:46:50,549 --> 00:46:48,779 so considering this kind of point I 848 00:46:56,339 --> 00:46:50,559 prefer the 849 00:47:02,890 --> 00:46:56,349 l-dopa as a potential satellite which 850 00:47:05,559 --> 00:47:02,900 has life in it but I'm also a huge fan 851 00:47:07,480 --> 00:47:05,569 of your rep of myself and so I kind of I 852 00:47:09,880 --> 00:47:07,490 kind of favor Europa but that that takes 853 00:47:13,480 --> 00:47:09,890 us to our next question actually from 854 00:47:16,150 --> 00:47:13,490 our viewer Mary Ann hi Mary Ann from 855 00:47:18,970 --> 00:47:16,160 Facebook Mary Ann says but speaking of 856 00:47:21,190 --> 00:47:18,980 organics we do know from Cassini that 857 00:47:23,970 --> 00:47:21,200 Cassini has already detected organic 858 00:47:26,230 --> 00:47:23,980 materials in enceladus's geyser plumes 859 00:47:27,460 --> 00:47:26,240 so should that be a priority for future 860 00:47:34,329 --> 00:47:27,470 research given the evidence they're 861 00:47:38,170 --> 00:47:34,339 already the the finding of some organic 862 00:47:41,200 --> 00:47:38,180 compounds here the incident sky that was 863 00:47:46,720 --> 00:47:41,210 really really exciting and it's really 864 00:47:50,700 --> 00:47:46,730 nice to investigate for the how much the 865 00:47:58,329 --> 00:47:50,710 chemical revolution proceed in the 866 00:48:02,980 --> 00:47:58,339 cerrados and we may not find the life in 867 00:48:05,309 --> 00:48:02,990 the geyser with a future mission because 868 00:48:10,299 --> 00:48:05,319 we don't know if the chemical revolution 869 00:48:17,109 --> 00:48:10,309 reached to the state where the life can 870 00:48:21,609 --> 00:48:17,119 emerge but yeah even with its really 871 00:48:26,010 --> 00:48:21,619 nice to investigate how much chemical 872 00:48:29,230 --> 00:48:26,020 evolution proceed in cerrados 873 00:48:36,789 --> 00:48:29,240 because we don't really know the process 874 00:48:40,019 --> 00:48:36,799 which fought like even our us so it's 875 00:48:44,019 --> 00:48:40,029 really great to test the process of the 876 00:48:48,370 --> 00:48:44,029 no biologic 877 00:48:53,099 --> 00:48:48,380 chemical evolution MOBOTIX materials in 878 00:48:57,309 --> 00:48:53,109 terms of that it's really nice to see 879 00:49:01,809 --> 00:48:57,319 the Theravada compounds in incidence 880 00:49:03,600 --> 00:49:01,819 guys even though we may end up with non 881 00:49:05,910 --> 00:49:03,610 detection it's actually 882 00:49:08,180 --> 00:49:05,920 same for Europa we might end up with a 883 00:49:11,250 --> 00:49:08,190 non detection but non the detections 884 00:49:14,300 --> 00:49:11,260 would be good good to constrain the 885 00:49:16,680 --> 00:49:14,310 requirements for life to a much so 886 00:49:18,660 --> 00:49:16,690 absolutely yeah I think sometimes we get 887 00:49:19,980 --> 00:49:18,670 so giddy about life being possible in 888 00:49:21,570 --> 00:49:19,990 our own solar system beyond Earth we 889 00:49:24,420 --> 00:49:21,580 forget that that we might be the only 890 00:49:25,770 --> 00:49:24,430 life in our solar system I'm gonna jump 891 00:49:29,880 --> 00:49:25,780 to our next question here it's from 892 00:49:32,520 --> 00:49:29,890 Twitter user at rendering reality this 893 00:49:33,870 --> 00:49:32,530 user wants to know can you explain how 894 00:49:36,240 --> 00:49:33,880 the formation of the solar system 895 00:49:38,960 --> 00:49:36,250 impacted the distribution of water and 896 00:49:41,280 --> 00:49:38,970 ice and how does that connect to water 897 00:49:45,650 --> 00:49:41,290 on the surface of planets versus 898 00:49:53,010 --> 00:49:49,980 yeah the scientists including me are 899 00:49:56,700 --> 00:49:53,020 trying to understand the formation of 900 00:49:59,390 --> 00:49:56,710 the solar system especially a screen 901 00:50:07,230 --> 00:49:59,400 it's Christian in terms of the Vorta 902 00:50:10,710 --> 00:50:07,240 abundance and actually the in terms of 903 00:50:13,800 --> 00:50:10,720 theory there are a lot of possible 904 00:50:18,510 --> 00:50:13,810 processes which can deliver water to us 905 00:50:24,780 --> 00:50:18,520 and sometimes in our modeling we end up 906 00:50:27,680 --> 00:50:24,790 with too much water on earth so people 907 00:50:32,670 --> 00:50:27,690 including me are trying to explain why 908 00:50:39,960 --> 00:50:32,680 this earth has this tiny amount of water 909 00:50:43,200 --> 00:50:39,970 in Thomas weeks bark compulsion so so 910 00:50:46,950 --> 00:50:43,210 yeah the answer is we don't fully 911 00:50:51,030 --> 00:50:46,960 understand the religion of the water and 912 00:50:54,120 --> 00:50:51,040 how it was distributed in our solar 913 00:50:57,930 --> 00:50:54,130 system but we have some Surry and which 914 00:51:03,750 --> 00:50:57,940 could be tested in future missions 915 00:51:06,270 --> 00:51:03,760 including helps a 200mm X awesome you 916 00:51:07,470 --> 00:51:06,280 know I agree entirely so so I do want 917 00:51:09,210 --> 00:51:07,480 jump this before our next questions we 918 00:51:11,580 --> 00:51:09,220 have a few more questions ever I get to 919 00:51:13,230 --> 00:51:11,590 before we can close up this episode our 920 00:51:16,250 --> 00:51:13,240 next question comes from a Facebook user 921 00:51:17,990 --> 00:51:16,260 named Connor Cody 922 00:51:20,750 --> 00:51:18,000 so first off this question involves 923 00:51:22,280 --> 00:51:20,760 what's called the Fermi paradox that 924 00:51:25,820 --> 00:51:22,290 many of us have argued it's not actually 925 00:51:28,670 --> 00:51:25,830 a paradox this is the question posed by 926 00:51:31,810 --> 00:51:28,680 Enrico Fermi when he was discussing with 927 00:51:34,640 --> 00:51:31,820 some friends about the potential for 928 00:51:37,130 --> 00:51:34,650 faster than light travel and whether or 929 00:51:39,440 --> 00:51:37,140 not that could actually happen and so 930 00:51:42,050 --> 00:51:39,450 the idea was you know if after the my 931 00:51:43,880 --> 00:51:42,060 travel is possible and there are aliens 932 00:51:46,340 --> 00:51:43,890 out there then where are they was 933 00:51:48,140 --> 00:51:46,350 Fermi's question and that's led a lot of 934 00:51:50,599 --> 00:51:48,150 people to propose this idea they call 935 00:51:52,220 --> 00:51:50,609 the Fermi paradox which is that if there 936 00:51:55,250 --> 00:51:52,230 is abundant alien life out there in the 937 00:51:57,200 --> 00:51:55,260 universe why haven't we found it again 938 00:51:58,849 --> 00:51:57,210 that's not really a paradox in and of 939 00:52:01,820 --> 00:51:58,859 itself because there are many potential 940 00:52:04,280 --> 00:52:01,830 solutions but Connor on Facebook here oh 941 00:52:08,650 --> 00:52:04,290 he wants to know what your thoughts are 942 00:52:13,040 --> 00:52:08,660 about this idea called the Fermi paradox 943 00:52:22,130 --> 00:52:13,050 ok the Christian would be why any alien 944 00:52:23,900 --> 00:52:22,140 life never access to us at least in the 945 00:52:26,150 --> 00:52:23,910 extent we decode is that the question 946 00:52:28,400 --> 00:52:26,160 yeah the question is you know what do 947 00:52:31,160 --> 00:52:28,410 you think about this idea of the yeah 948 00:52:36,170 --> 00:52:31,170 why we haven't met aliens yet yeah I 949 00:52:36,560 --> 00:52:36,180 think of course I don't know the exact 950 00:52:42,440 --> 00:52:36,570 term 951 00:52:51,080 --> 00:52:42,450 this is a huge question but the I like 952 00:52:55,670 --> 00:52:51,090 the idea that the the many life in the 953 00:53:00,590 --> 00:52:55,680 solar system in the universe but in many 954 00:53:04,510 --> 00:53:00,600 cases those like states in the form of 955 00:53:08,270 --> 00:53:04,520 the microbes like a single-cell life 956 00:53:15,130 --> 00:53:08,280 actually when we think about the history 957 00:53:19,640 --> 00:53:15,140 of life in our earth the for the almost 958 00:53:25,310 --> 00:53:19,650 entire history the hosts dryer was just 959 00:53:27,410 --> 00:53:25,320 a microbes so by some reason disgust 960 00:53:29,960 --> 00:53:27,420 develops much more complex rival 961 00:53:38,370 --> 00:53:29,970 including ourselves but 962 00:53:42,259 --> 00:53:38,380 it's dico it's possible that life beyond 963 00:53:48,109 --> 00:53:42,269 us stay in the form of the primitive 964 00:53:50,849 --> 00:53:48,119 microbes that would be my answer 965 00:53:52,859 --> 00:53:50,859 okay yeah I like that too I mean we've 966 00:53:54,480 --> 00:53:52,869 been some microbial in our history and 967 00:53:55,799 --> 00:53:54,490 there's so many other potential things 968 00:53:58,109 --> 00:53:55,809 that could be happening out there in the 969 00:53:59,549 --> 00:53:58,119 cosmos and maybe we are the first to the 970 00:54:01,829 --> 00:53:59,559 game you know if we're not alert and so 971 00:54:03,660 --> 00:54:01,839 there's a lot out there I I do like the 972 00:54:05,579 --> 00:54:03,670 the arthur c clarke quote though that 973 00:54:06,870 --> 00:54:05,589 sometimes i think we're alone in the 974 00:54:08,670 --> 00:54:06,880 universe and sometimes I think for 975 00:54:11,609 --> 00:54:08,680 Naughton and either way it's kind of 976 00:54:14,279 --> 00:54:11,619 staggering right so our next question 977 00:54:17,190 --> 00:54:14,289 comes from a second net user and a dear 978 00:54:19,829 --> 00:54:17,200 friend of the show Kashi SH who asks if 979 00:54:22,829 --> 00:54:19,839 we are successful in finding life on an 980 00:54:27,059 --> 00:54:22,839 exoplanet Sunday what would be the next 981 00:54:32,940 --> 00:54:27,069 step do you think yeah it's a great 982 00:54:37,499 --> 00:54:32,950 question question I think yeah some in 983 00:54:44,420 --> 00:54:37,509 some day we may find the evidence of 984 00:54:48,990 --> 00:54:44,430 life on XPrize I even find the evidence 985 00:54:53,059 --> 00:54:49,000 like beyond us within the solar system 986 00:54:57,470 --> 00:54:53,069 that is really interesting and then 987 00:55:02,519 --> 00:54:57,480 after that I would like to understand 988 00:55:06,450 --> 00:55:02,529 how those life is related to this life 989 00:55:11,990 --> 00:55:06,460 on our earth in terms of the the 990 00:55:19,910 --> 00:55:12,000 connection like the transport of 991 00:55:23,130 --> 00:55:19,920 primitive life among different planets 992 00:55:29,009 --> 00:55:23,140 also I directed know the connection 993 00:55:32,210 --> 00:55:29,019 between different lives in terms of the 994 00:55:35,730 --> 00:55:32,220 the the process I mean the chemical 995 00:55:40,799 --> 00:55:35,740 evolution which ended up with the 996 00:55:42,839 --> 00:55:40,809 emergence of life so I think yeah to 997 00:55:47,459 --> 00:55:42,849 understand the origin of life 998 00:55:48,779 --> 00:55:47,469 on this US would be much more difficult 999 00:55:54,439 --> 00:55:48,789 question 1000 00:55:58,789 --> 00:55:54,449 compared to finding life in Universal I 1001 00:56:01,669 --> 00:55:58,799 guess faster we found life in the 1002 00:56:04,890 --> 00:56:01,679 universe beyond the brass and then we 1003 00:56:10,799 --> 00:56:04,900 probably go back to the question of is 1004 00:56:12,900 --> 00:56:10,809 life on our planet that's awesome so I 1005 00:56:15,239 --> 00:56:12,910 I'm sorry we only have time for one more 1006 00:56:16,739 --> 00:56:15,249 question to all of our audience out 1007 00:56:18,449 --> 00:56:16,749 there who have so many awesome questions 1008 00:56:20,489 --> 00:56:18,459 thank you so much 1009 00:56:23,309 --> 00:56:20,499 the last question is from second net 1010 00:56:25,109 --> 00:56:23,319 user Thomas Windsor and Thomas just 1011 00:56:28,289 --> 00:56:25,119 wants to know we've discussed a bunch 1012 00:56:32,519 --> 00:56:28,299 during this episode about Hayabusa 2 and 1013 00:56:34,289 --> 00:56:32,529 about MMX and so Thomas just wants to 1014 00:56:38,009 --> 00:56:34,299 know if you wouldn't mind giving us a 1015 00:56:39,539 --> 00:56:38,019 little status update on both missions on 1016 00:56:42,239 --> 00:56:39,549 the achievements and current you know 1017 00:56:45,469 --> 00:56:42,249 work going on hi boo so - and on where 1018 00:56:52,890 --> 00:56:45,479 the MMX mission is right now in planning 1019 00:56:56,549 --> 00:56:52,900 ok us about diversity succeed to get a 1020 00:57:03,929 --> 00:56:56,559 sample from oxidants now it's in the way 1021 00:57:08,429 --> 00:57:03,939 to come back to earth and originally we 1022 00:57:11,339 --> 00:57:08,439 thought that the target asteroid is a 1023 00:57:14,969 --> 00:57:11,349 so-called she type asteroid which is 1024 00:57:18,269 --> 00:57:14,979 related to the meteorites called 1025 00:57:23,089 --> 00:57:18,279 carbonaceous chondrites which contain 1026 00:57:29,239 --> 00:57:23,099 dots of rotting organic molecules but 1027 00:57:34,529 --> 00:57:29,249 even with the remote sensing around 1028 00:57:41,249 --> 00:57:34,539 absolute we found lots of unexpected 1029 00:57:47,599 --> 00:57:41,259 things such the really dark color of the 1030 00:57:50,359 --> 00:57:47,609 asteroid legal so from the harvest 1031 00:57:54,479 --> 00:57:50,369 missions we already found lots of 1032 00:57:56,760 --> 00:57:54,489 interesting unexpected result which we 1033 00:58:00,240 --> 00:57:56,770 need to explain in 1034 00:58:06,090 --> 00:58:00,250 and then the sample will come back to us 1035 00:58:10,290 --> 00:58:06,100 in the end of this year so I believe we 1036 00:58:16,100 --> 00:58:10,300 get much more expected result from that 1037 00:58:19,470 --> 00:58:16,110 sample and about the MMX recently MMX 1038 00:58:23,250 --> 00:58:19,480 status changed from the so called 1039 00:58:31,310 --> 00:58:23,260 the pre project to the project phase so 1040 00:58:37,170 --> 00:58:33,770 spacecraft 1041 00:58:39,600 --> 00:58:37,180 dotted status awesomo thank you so much 1042 00:58:41,790 --> 00:58:39,610 I highly recommend for our viewers to 1043 00:58:44,190 --> 00:58:41,800 check out your work in modeling these 1044 00:58:46,230 --> 00:58:44,200 proto planetary environments the 1045 00:58:48,510 --> 00:58:46,240 evolution formation of worlds in our 1046 00:58:50,460 --> 00:58:48,520 solar system and beyond to keep an eye 1047 00:58:53,400 --> 00:58:50,470 out on Hayabusa 2 and MMX and upcoming 1048 00:58:54,930 --> 00:58:53,410 things here oh thank you so much for 1049 00:58:56,460 --> 00:58:54,940 joining us for asking astrobiologists 1050 00:58:58,380 --> 00:58:56,470 it's been a pleasure having you here I 1051 00:59:01,890 --> 00:58:58,390 thank you very much thank you 1052 00:59:03,990 --> 00:59:01,900 and then for our audience at home one 1053 00:59:06,300 --> 00:59:04,000 call for action for you to share with us 1054 00:59:09,390 --> 00:59:06,310 what you think for ask to ask you as the 1055 00:59:12,000 --> 00:59:09,400 astrobiologists what do you think of the 1056 00:59:13,290 --> 00:59:12,010 Martian moons Phobos and Deimos and what 1057 00:59:15,840 --> 00:59:13,300 do they have in store for us 1058 00:59:19,200 --> 00:59:15,850 when MMX brings that sample back what we 1059 00:59:20,940 --> 00:59:19,210 find we find ancient Martian life hard 1060 00:59:22,620 --> 00:59:20,950 to say right why don't you go out on 1061 00:59:25,140 --> 00:59:22,630 Twitter and tell us what you think with 1062 00:59:28,320 --> 00:59:25,150 hashtag ask Astro bio and answer that 1063 00:59:29,990 --> 00:59:28,330 question for us so until next time thank 1064 00:59:32,500 --> 00:59:30,000 you everyone for joining us and remember